Study Reveals How Age Affects Perception of White LED Light

Fact Box:
A new study reveals that age can affect the perceived tint of white light. This photo shows a very large difference in tint between different spots, which is representative of what the researchers found in the study. Though not representative of what all observe, viewers of different ages disagree on which of these sources appears "most white" when compared to a reference source (here, the digital camera taking the photo selected the third spot for white balance).

"Our study revealed that the amount of short-wavelength light a source emits together with the viewer's age may lead to very different perceptions of a white light," said the research team leader Aurelien David of Soraa Inc., Fremont, Calif., U.S.A. "LED light sources exacerbate this effect, because their emission often features large peaks of blue or violet radiation."

The researchers report the new findings in The Optical Society (OSA) journal Optics Express. They point out that although conventional colorimetry assumes all users have the same visual response, more recently developed models for color perception take age-related effects into account and can be used to predict and help mitigate differences in color perception.

"Today, the color of light is defined by standards based on decades-old science that doesn't accurately predict color perception," said David. "This presents a hurdle to designing better light sources that would minimize inter-user variation and aid in the increased use of LED technology."

Testing white light perception

For the study, viewers were shown several nearly white LED sources with various emission spectra and asked to rank their perceived tint compared to that of a reference white light. The test sources were part of the researchers' efforts to develop a more sleep-friendly light source. They featured a specialized emission spectrum in which the short-wavelength blue light, which may affect sleep, was replaced with shorter-wavelength violet light that maintains the light's white color.

"According to standard colorimetry methods, all users should have the same perception for a certain LED source," said David. "However, we found large variations between viewers. Some thought a given source appeared very pink, whereas others thought the same source appeared very green."

Analysis of these findings revealed that the perception variations were largely driven by age. Turning to modern color science, the researchers were able to derive a perception model that accurately accounted for the inter-user perception variation they observed.

"The perceived tint of these unusual LED sources is heavily influenced by the viewer's sensitivity in the violet range, which is strongly age-dependent," explained David. "Although others have observed similar variations in white-LED perception, the effect was especially easy to see because these special LEDs exacerbate it."

The researchers also showed that the age-dependent perception effects are present in conventional LEDs such as those used both in lighting and display applications. This means that two conventional LED sources that supposedly have the same white color may appear very different to a given observer.

Defining new color standards

"By using modern colorimetry, the design of future LED sources could be tailored to minimize inter-viewer discrepancies," said David. "Manufacturers could use this modern framework to design lighting that is more robust against age-driven variations."

The researchers note that having a standard calculation for age-dependent colorimetric quantities would help manufacturers and other stakeholders incorporate age-dependent effects into the design of future LED emitters.

"We should make sure that such age-related effects do not hinder the advancement of LED technology, since they can be addressed with scientific tools that are already available, albeit not commonly used," said David.

Acknowledgements:

The researchers acknowledge that all 64 subjects used for this research were all employees of Soraa Inc. who volunteered to participate in the study.

References:

Paper: A. David, D. Sahlhoff, M. Wisser, "Human perception of light chromaticity: short-wavelength effects in spectra with low circadian stimulation, and broader implications for general LED sources," Opt. Express, 27, 22, 31553-31566 (2019).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.031553